. La cyclopaedia d'anatomie et physiologie. Anatomie ; physiologie ; Zoologie. Langue maternelle. 1137 Fig. 754.. Papille Circumvallate vu en section verticale. une surface tronquée, ou base du cône ; b, cir- cumvallation ; c, soulevée frontière. (Mag. 1C diam.) cône est jointe. À la partie ci-joint les nerfs et les navires entrent, et la libre trun- cation de surface, ou de la base et du cône est couvert de petites papilles secondaires, dissimulée par l'épithélium (fig. 754. a) ; la frontière libre est également surmontée de papille secondaire ?, de sorte qu'il est, en effet, une circulaire de la papille composé (c). Les papilles circumvallate

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. The cyclopædia of anatomy and physiology. Anatomy; Physiology; Zoology. TONGUE. 1137 Fig. 754.. Circumvallate papilla seen in vertical section. a, Truncated surface, or base of the cone; b, cir- cumvallation ; c, raised border. (Mag. 1C diam.) cone is attached. At the attached portion the nerves and vessels enter, and the free trun- cated surface, or base, of the cone is covered with small secondary papillas, concealed by the epithelium (fig. 754. a) ; the free border is also surmounted by secondary papilla?, so that it is, in fact, a circular compound papilla (c). The circumvallate papillae possess the utmost irregularity as to size, number, shape, and arrangement. Their number has been much overstated by some anatomists ; Cruveilhier gives it as from sixteen to twenty, Marjolin from nine to fifteen, Scemmering from twelve to fourteen, and Meckel from three to twenty. I think the number given by Messrs. Todd and Bowman, as from eight to ten, is much nearer the truth ; certainly, if ten can be counted, they must be considered well deve- loped ; frequently the number is below this — I have seen as few as five, or even four. In size they vary from that of an ordinary fungi- form papilla to upwards of £th of an inch in diameter. They always assume more or less of the V-shaped arrangement, but the per- fection with which the linear series is main- tained, the straightness of the lines that form the angle, and the size of the angle so forme;!, all vary very much; I have seen them stretch- ing across from side to side of the tongue, almost in a straight line, with a third arm projecting back from the centre, something like the form of a tripod ; it is not uncommon to find a stray one or two scattered to a great distance beyond the prescribed line; the cen- tral one is frequently thrown back half an inch, and sometimes a lateral one is found quite at the edge of the tongue. In shape, the varieties are chiefly owing to the relative size and development of the central

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