. Bulletin du Ministère de l'Agriculture des États-Unis. L'agriculture ; l'Agriculture. Coût DE PRODUCTION DE POMMES, PAYETTE VALLEY, Idaho. 15 Il est constaté que plus le fumier est épandu annuellement par acre sur- ou dans des cultures de blettes de paillis sur le nettoyage des vergers culturel. Cela est en partie dû au fait que le paillis-vergers des cultures sont plus petits, ce qui rend plus d'engrais disponible par acre, et en partie au fait que les exploitations qui ont les vergers en culture paillis garder environ un tiers de plus ; que ceux qui ont l'assainissement des vergers culturel. Il est constaté que le coût du travail pour la fumure est 1,79  % de l'ensemble de n

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. Bulletin of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Agriculture; Agriculture. COST OF PRODUCTION OF APPLES, PAYETTE VALLEY, IDAHO. 15 It is found that more manure is applied annually per acre on or- chards in mulch crop than on clean-cultural orchards. This is partly due to the fact that the mulch-crop orchards are smaller, thus making more manure available per acre, and partly to the fact that the farms which have orchards in mulch crop keep about one-third more stock; than those which have the clean-cultural orchards. It is found that the labor cost for manuring is 1.79 per cent of the total net labor cost, while the material cost is 4.43 per cent of the total material and fixed cost, making the total cost of manuring 3.28 per cent of the annual net cost of production. PRUNING. Pruning is practiced generally every year by all growers. The open-head tree system is the most popular form of pruning, and from four to seven leaders with a well-opened head is the type sought. As. Fig. 7.—A young orchard near Payette from which alfalfa has been harvested. Note the flock of 700 turkeys. A great diversity of live stock is profitably raised in this section. the principal variety of the Payette Valley is the Jonathan, it is nec- essary to give the tree plenty of light in order to give color to the fruit. There is no noticeable tendency as yet to head back the tops of the trees in order to keep their height reduced, (See fig. 7.) The cost of pruning is $0.15 per tree, or $0.0281 per box. This, as will be seen (Table V), is identical with the cost of thinning for all the orchards. The pruning cost is somewhat higher for mulch-crop orchards than for clean-cultivated orchards. This, no doubt, is partly due to the fact that the average acreage of the mulch-crop orchards is about 4 acres less than that of those under the clean-cultural system, thus offering opportunity for more detailed care per acre, Pruning costs make up 9.16 per cent of the total net labor costs and 3.95 per ce

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