. Bulletin - United States National Museum. La science ^ 11. f) .» •^ J v/v.^/. Figure 59.-^1857 : l'ajout de pièces métalliques pour les zones critiques d'usure tel que suggéré par M. B. Tidey s'altérer radicalement la conception du banc avion. (Lavis de Bureau des brevets des États-Unis, le 24 mars. 1857, Record Group 241, le National .Archives.) Smithsonian Institution (accession 319326). Aujourd'hui en tant que groupe, ils confirmer "l'excellente qualité de remarquable . . À la fois le fer et l'acier" qui caractérise la fabrication d'outils de pointe de l'Amérique dans la seconde moitié du xixe siècle."^ c'est l'avion,

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. Bulletin - United States National Museum. Science. f ^11_) .' J • v^./v^/. Figure 59.—^1857: The addition of metallic parts to critical areas of wear as suggested by M. B. Tidey did not at first radically alter the design of the bench plane. (Wash drawing from U.S. Patent Office, March 24. 1857, Record Group 241, the National .Archives.) Smithsonian Institution (accession 319326). Today as a group they confirm "the remarkably fine quality of . . both iron and steel" that characterized the manufacture of American edge tools in the second half of the 19th century.'^ It is the plane, however, that best exemplifies the progress of tool design. In 1876, American plane- makers were enthusiastically credited with having achieved "an important change in the structure of the tool." " Although change had been suggested by American patentees as early as the 1820's, mass pro- duction lagged until after the Civil War, and the use of this new tool form was not widespread outside of the United States. Hazard Knowles of Colchester, Connecticut, in 1827, patented a plane stock of cast iron which in many respects was a prototype of later Centennial models (fig. 58)." It is evident, even in its earliest manifestation, that the quest for improve- ment of the bench plane did not alter its sound design. In 1857, M. B. Tidey (fig. 59) listed several of the goals that motivated planemakers: First to simplify the manufacturing of planes; second to render them more durable; third to retain a uniform mouth; fourth to obviate their clogging; and fifth the retention of the essential part of the plane when the stock is worn out.'* 15 Ibid., pp. 14, 44, 5. "' Ibid., p. 13. 1" Restored patent 4, 859X1 August 24, 1827, National Ar- chives, Washington, D.C. 1^ U.S. pat. i6, 88g, U.S. Patent Office, Washington, D.C. The numbered specifications that follow may be found in the same place. 218 BULLETIN 24 1 : CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNO

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