. Cunningham's Text-book de l'anatomie. L'anatomie. 452 LE MUSCULAE SYSTÈME. Nerve-Supply.-Les muscles du visage et du cuir chevelu sont toutes innervée par le nerf facial. La direction générale fournit l'auriculaire postérieur auriculaire postérieur et le muscle occipital ; les branches dans lesquelles il se brise dans la glande parotide fournir le frontalis, supérieures et les muscles auriculaires antérieur, l'plusieurs muscles associés à l'ouvertures de l'œil, le nez et la bouche (y compris le buccinator), et le muscle platysma. Actions. La variété presque infinie de l'expression du visage est produite en partie par l'action de ces muscles, par

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. Cunningham's Text-book of anatomy. Anatomy. 452 THE MUSCULAE SYSTEM. Nerve-Supply.—The facial and scalp muscles are all innervated by the facial nerve. The posterior auricular branch supplies the posterior auricular muscle and occipitalis ; the branches into which it breaks up in the parotid gland supply the frontalis, superior and anterior auricular muscles, the several muscles associated with the apertures of the eye, nose, and mouth (including the buccinator), and the platysma. Actions. The almost infinite variety of facial expression is produced partly by the action of these muscles, partly by their inactivity, or by the action of antagonising muscles (antithesis). On the one hand joy, for example, is betrayed by the action of one set of muscles, while grief is accompanied by the contraction of another (opposing) set. Determination or eagerness is accom- panied by a fixed expression due to a combination of muscles acting together; despair, on the other hand, is expressed by a relaxation of muscular action. For a philosophical account of the action of the facial muscles, the student should consult Darwin's Expression of the Emotions in Mem and Animals, and Duchenne's Mecanisme de la Physiologie humaine. The platysma retracts and depresses the angle of the mouth, and depresses the mandible. The epicranius, by its anterior belly, raises the eyebrows; both bellies acting together tighten the skin of the scalp; acting along with the orbicularis oculi, it shifts the scalp back- wards and forwards. The corrugator supercilii draws the eyebrow medially and wrinkles the skin of the forehead vertically. The procerus draws downwards the skin between the eyebrows, as in frowning. The upper eyelid is raised by the levator palpebrse superioris. The closure of the lids is effected by the orbicularis oculi, whose fibres also assist in the lowering of the eyebrows, in the protection of the eyeball, and, by pressure on the lacrimal gland, in the secretion of tears. The tarsal

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