Dirigeables passés et présents, et les chapitres sur l'utilisation de ballons dans le cadre de la météorologie, la photographie et le pigeon voyageur . il est nécessaire de prendre une photographie d'un givenspot. Dans un ballon captif, la méthode serait altogetherimpracticable. Il y a une autre objection à l'utilisation de caméras withbellows. Le cadre de l'exécution les plaques de charnière est bas, et si l'appareil est fait downwardsthere verticalement est une tendance pour l'extrémité supérieure de ce cadre pour falldownwards. La partie inférieure de la plaque sera donc befurther sur l'objectif de la partie supérieure

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Airships past and present, together with chapters on the use of balloons in connection with meteorology, photography and the carrier pigeon . it is desired to take a photograph of a givenspot. In a captive balloon, the method would be altogetherimpracticable. There is a further objection to the use of cameras withbellows. The frame for carrying the plates is hinged to thebottom board, and if the camera is pointed vertically downwardsthere is a tendency for the upper end of this framework to falldownwards. The lower part of the plate will therefore befurther from the lens than the upper portion, and conse-quently the image will not be sharp over the whole of theplate. Hagen met this by having two scales, running the wholelength of the camera, the one being attached to the base and theother connecting the frameworks of the front and back at thetop; when the adjustment was finally made, and the clamps A. X 306 AIKSHIPS PAST AND PBESENT. were fixed, the readings on the two scales were the same. Infolding cameras with struts, this is unnecessary, seeing that thereis no tendency for the plate to fall towards the lens. Hagen suc-. ceeded in getting some excellent results with his apparatus, andthese were exhibited in 1886. It has been proposed to support the camera on gimbals inorder to make it independent of the vibrations of the balloon. PHOTOGEAPHIC OUTFIT FOR BALLOON WORK. 307 But this has not proved a success, and the necessary movementswhich are required to make an exposure always communicate acertain amount of vibration. If the apparatus is very heavy, itmay be suspended from the ring, but even in that case it isnecessary to have some fixed support on the edge of the basketat the moment of making the exposure. But cameras of thissize are very seldom employed, except possibly for photographingthe suns corona during an eclipse. A little contrivance, men-tioned by Pizzighelli in his Handbook for Photography of 1891, may be useful in judging a suitable moment for making

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