Documents d'impression et d'écriture : leur évolution . ted pendant de nombreuses années. Les housewas qui ont suivi^, connus sous le nom de Johnson Foundry, après le Mac Kellar, Smiths & JordanBranch de l'American Type-Founders Company. Des fonderies Réussies ont également été établies à NewYork, au début du XIXe siècle, par ElihuWhite et D. & G. Bruce. Jusqu'au milieu de la dix-neuvième cen-tury, tout type a été coulé à la main. Vers 1828William M. Johnson, de long Island, a fait l'expérience du type de moulage par machine, mais les histotypes étaient trop légers et poreux pour être de pratique. En 1838 David Bruce, jr., de N

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Printing and writing materials : their evolution . ted for many years. The housewas subsequent^ known as the Johnson Foundry, afterwards as the Mac Kellar, Smiths & Jordanbranch of the American Type-Founders Company.Successful foundries were also established in NewYork, early in the nineteenth century, by ElihuWhite and D. & G. Bruce. Until near the middle of the nineteenth cen-tury, all type was cast by hand. About 1828William M. Johnson, of Long Island, made theexperiment of casting type by machinery, but histypes were too light and porous to be of practicaluse. In 1838 David Bruce, jr., of New York, hig^by°ma-*^ took out a patent for a type-casting machine which^^ was more successful. This machine was after-wards improved and was generally adopted bythe foundries of the United States; it was gradu- TYPE-FOUNDING 59 ally introduced, with modifications, into Europeanfoundries. Type-metal is an alloy of melted lead, tin, andantimony, sometimes hardened by an addition of Type-metai.copper or nickel. Large types for posting-bills. BRUCE TYPE-CASTING MACHINE. are made from close-grained wood, such as box, maple, or pear; for this purpose, types of woodare lighter and cheaper than those made frommetal. The tools made before the letter is cast are, first, the Counter-punch and the Punch, or more fre- 60 TYPE-FOUNDING The tools. The counter-punch. The punch. quently at the present day, an engraved Master-type; from the punch or the master-type is madethe Matrix, or the mould for the letter or face ofthe type. The tool termed the Mould is that whichholds the matrix during the process of casting. The punch-cutter first draws a geometricalframework, on which is determined the position ofeach line and the height of each character. Thebeauty of a printed page consists in the apparentprecision of the types. The characters must seemuniform in every particular, but some allowancemust be made for optical delusions; occasional devi-ations must also be made to render each letterpleasin

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