. Éléments de l'anatomie comparée des vertébrés. Anatomie, comparatif. 84 régions d'Anatomie Comparée, a très bien les relations décrites dans l'introduction à ce chapitre. Les capsules sonores (Figs. 63 à 65), qui sont liés ensemble par tracts cartilagineux dans la basi- et supra-régions occipitales, et deviennent généralement fortement ossifié plus tard par le exoccipitals prootics-show, et une nouvelle et importante modification par rapport à ceux des poissons en présence d'une ouverture, la fenestra ovalis, sur la face externe et la face inférieure de chaque. Cette fenestra est fermé par un cartilagi

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. Elements of the comparative anatomy of vertebrates. Anatomy, Comparative. 84 COMPARATIVE ANATOMY regions, has very distinctly the relations described in the introduc- tion to this chapter. The auditory capsules (Figs. 63 to 65)—which are bound together by cartilaginous tracts in the basi- and supra- occipital regions, and generally become strongly ossified later by the exoccipitals and prootics, —show a new and important modification as compared with those of Fishes in the presence of an aperture, the fenestra ovalis, on the outer and lower side of each. This fenestra is closed by a cartilaginous plug, the stapedial plate, probably corresponding to a part of the wall of the auditory capsule; from it a rod-like cartilage or bone, the columella auris, corresponding phylogenetically to the upper element of the hyoid arch, extends outwards towards the quadrate in most Urodeles and serves to conduct the sound to the inner ear, the position of the semicircular canals of which is indicated by corresponding cartilaginous ridges on the capsule. In all Amphibians two condyles for articulation with the first vertebra are developed on the ventral periphery of the foramen. Fig. 66.—Skull and Visceral Aeches of Menopoma. (From the side.) I, mandible ; II, hyoid ; III-VI, branchial arches ; qn, quadrate, above wliioh is the squamosal; ar, articular; mi:, Meckel's cartilage, enclosed by the dentary bone. magnum. The occipital region is ossified by two exoccipitals, a bony supra- and basioccipital rarely being present in recent forms (certain Anura). The large nasal capsules, consisting throughout life of consider- able cartilaginous portions, are connected with the auditory capsules by means of the trabecultE, which give rise to the side walls of the skull and become more or less entirely ossified as the sphenethmoid and prootics. The cranial cavity is closed dorsally by the frontals and parietals, and ventrally by the parasphenoid, which is sometimes provided Avith teeth. I

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