. Éléments de l'anatomie comparée des vertébrés. Anatomie, comparatif. Fig. 39a.-Schéma de mode ou Ossi- fication des droits de l'axe. (La surface ventrale.) à partir de la fleur de l'ostéologie Mammalia. o, odontoid, processus ou d'atlas centrum ; t, bon centrum de l'axe ; na, arc neural ; une surface articulaire, antérieure ; c, e, e, e, de l'epi- physes, complétant les extrémités de l'hôtel centra, de l'apophyse transverse sont simples dans l'ensemble mais la région cervicale et proviennent de la base de l'arche : dans la région thoracique ils sont inclinés avec cartilage sur la face ventrale de leur articulation distale pour wi

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. Elements of the comparative anatomy of vertebrates. Anatomy, Comparative. Fig. 39a.—Diagram showing mode or Ossi- fication OF Human Axis. (Ventral surface.) From Flower's Osteology of the Mammalia. o, odontoid process, or centrum of atlas ; t, proper centrum of axis ; na, neural arch ; an, anterior articular surface; c, e, e, e, epi- physes, completing the ends of the centra, The transverse processes are simple in all but the cervical region and arise from the base of the arch : in the thoracic region they are tipped with cartilage on the ventral side of their distal ends for articulation with the tubercle of the rib (p. 58). In the lumbar and sacral regions they arise from the centra, and contain fused rib-ele- ments. In loiig-neoked Ungulates {e.g. Horse, Camel, Ox) the neural spines of the anterior thoracic vertebrae are greatly- developed, and a correspond- ingly strong cervical ligament (ligamentum nuchse) is par- ticularly well developed to support the weight of the head. This is also true of antler-bearing animals and of the Gorilla. The number of thoraco- lumbar vertebrae varies greatly in different Mammals : there may be as few as fourteen (Armadillo) or as many as thirty (Hyrax). In Ungulates the number is constantly nineteen. In the lumbar ver- tebrae the transverse pro- cesses are especially long, and other processes (anapo- physes, metapophyses, hypa- pophyses) are characteristi- cally present in this region. Thus, as in Amphib- ians, Reptiles and Birds, the pelvis is connected with the sacrum by means of rudimentary ribs. As iu the two last-mentioned groups, there are not more than two primary sacral vertebrae, but except in 0 rnithorhynchus an d most Marsupials a few caudal become later included in the sacrum and are usually more or less closely united with it by synostosis. The various processes of the sacral vertebrae are more or less reduced. In Anthropoids, as in Man, the first sacral vertebra is plainly marked off from the last lumbar by the

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