. Extraction de pelles à vapeur, y compris une considération de pelles électriques et d'autres pelles hydrauliques dans l'exploitation minière à ciel ouvert . .—l'un des plus anciens et des plus intéressants exemples de travaux à ciel ouvert se trouve à Rio Tinto, province d'Andalousie, sud de l'Espagne. Ce quartier était connu sous le nom de Tarshish dans la Bible et comme Tartessus dans les jours classiques, et à lui est attribué l'argent et une grande partie de l'or qui a formé le pilier de la richesse de Tyr. Ainsi son histoire date de l'antiquité la plus éloignée, quand il a été travaillé par les théphéniciens, et plus tard par les Romains. Ces dépôts de minerai sont essentiellement de grands bodi lenticulaires

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. Steam shovel mining, including a consideration of electric shovels and other power excavators in open-pit mining . .—One of the oldest and mostinteresting examples of open-cast work is found at Rio Tinto, Province of Andalusia, southern Spain. This district wasknown as Tarshish in the Bible and as Tartessus in classic days, and to it is attributed the silver and much of the gold whichformed the mainstay of the wealth of Tyre. Thus its historydates from the remotest antiquity, when it was worked by thePhoenicians, and later by the Romans. These ore deposits are essentially great lenticular bodies ofcopper-bearing iron pyrites, but their upper portions were soenriched by decomposition that they yielded good returns insilver and gold, and in enriched copper ores which were smeltedin little furnaces. Great heaps of old slag found about themines testify to the large amount of ore extracted and the excel-lence of the metallurgy, the labor of which must have covered 1 STEAM SHOVEL MINING a long period. Part of this work was in the form of open-casts, as they are termed, and part was underground galleries.. After a time of inactivity these mines were again exploitedby the Spaniards, but they had a rather checkered careeruntil 1872 when those at Rio Tinto were sold to London and THE POWER SHOVEL 3 Bremen capitalists. The new owners continued to work tlu;open-casts with hand-labor, but with the cost of productionsteadily increasing. The owners of other mines in the districtemployed the same method, and even until 1911, when thewriter visited the district, the Zarza mine of the Tharsis Com-pany was being so worked in the open-cast portion. Increasingdepth and higher cost of labor have forced the operators to seekmore economical methods with the result that the Rio TintoCompany has adopted steam-shovel methods; the TharsisCompany, because of its topography, has developed and adoptedunderground mining methods. A study of these mines serveswell to exemplify the history of open-c

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