. Journal de recherches sur l'histoire naturelle et de géologie des pays visités au cours du voyage autour du monde de H.M.S. "Beagle" sous le commandement du Capitaine Fitz Roy, R.N. Expédition Beagle (1831-1836) ; l'histoire naturelle ; géologie ; voyages autour du monde. 277 mineurs chilien fond introduites par des étrangers ont été, d'abord, la réduction par la torréfaction précédent pyrites de cuivre-qui, étant le plus commun à Cornwall, les mineurs anglais ont été surpris à leur arrivée pour trouver jeté comme inutile : Deuxièmement, l'emboutissage et du lavage du scoriae du vieux fourneaux-par quel processus

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. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage round the world of H.M.S. "Beagle" under the command of Captain Fitz Roy, R.N. Beagle Expedition (1831-1836); Natural history; Geology; Voyages around the world. CHILIAN MINERS 277 merits introduced by foreigners have been, first, reducing by previous roasting the copper pyrites—which, being the common ore in Cornwall, the English miners were astounded on their arrival to find thrown away as useless : secondly, stamping and washing the scoriae from the old furnaces—by which process particles of metal are recovered in abundance. I have actually seen mules carrying to the coast, for transportation to England, a cargo of such cinders. But the first case is much the most curious. The Chilian miners were so convinced that copper pyrites contained not a particle of copper, that they laughed at the Englishmen for their ignorance, who laughed in turn, and bought their richest veins for a few dollars. It is very odd that, in a country where mining had been extensively carried on for many years, so simple a process as gently roasting the ore to expel the sulphur previous to smelting it, had never been discovered. A few improvements have likewise been introduced in some of the simple machinery; but even to the present day, water is removed from some mines by men carrying it up the shaft in leathern bags ! The labouring men work very hard. They have little time allowed for their meals, and during summer and winter they begin when it is light, and leave off at dark. They are paid one pound sterling a month, and their food is given them : this for breakfast consists of sixteen figs and two small loaves of bread; for dinner, boiled beans; for supper, broken roasted wheat grain. They scarcely ever taste meat; as, with the twelve pounds per annum, they have to clothe themselves and support their families. The miners who work in the mine itself have twenty-five shilli

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