. L'anatomie de l'animaux domestiques . Anatomie vétérinaire. Les vertèbres thoraciques 37 ventralement avec celle de la tanière. L'extrémité postérieure a l'habitude. L'épine ventrale ressemble à celle de la vertèbre typique. L'arc présente dans le sujet jeune une encoche de chaque côté de son bord antérieur ; c'est converti en un foramen par un ligament qui ossifies plus tard. La partie postérieure de la frontière a l'habitude des encoches. Le processus articulaires postérieures sont typiques. Â L'apophyse transverse sont petites, simples, et de projet en arrière. Le foramen transversarium est petit. L'apophyse épineuse est très

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. The anatomy of the domestic animals . Veterinary anatomy. THE THORACIC VERTEBRAE 37 ventrally with that of the dens. The posterior extremity has the usual cavity. The ventral spine resembles that of the typical vertebrae. The arch presents in the young subject a notch on each side of its anterior border; this is converted into a foramen by a ligament which ossifies later. The posterior border has the usual notches. The posterior articular processes are typical. â The transverse processes are small, single, and project backward. The foramen transversarium is small. The spinous process is very large and strong. Its free border is rough, thickens posteriorly, and is continued to the articular processes by two ridges. The lateral surfaces are concave and rough for muscular attachment. Development.âThe axis has six or seven centers of ossification. In addition to the usual five, one or two appear for the dens, which is regarded as the displaced body of the atlas. A nucleus behind the dens, which remains distinct to three or four years of age, is considered to be the head of the axis. THE THORACIC VERTEBILE The thoracic vertebrae (Vertebrae thoracales) are usually eighteen in number in the horse, but there are sometimes nineteen, rarely seventeen. As regional char- acters we note the surfaces for articulation with the ribs and the length and form of the spinous processes. Those in the middle of the series are the most typical and present the following fea- tures: 1. The bodies are short and con- stricted in the middle. The ends are expanded and have articular surfaces which are not strongly curved; the an- terior surface is convex, the posterior concave. On the upper part of each side are anterior and posterior costal facets (Fovea costalis cranialis, cau- dalis), which, with those of adjacent vertebrae and the intervening fibro-car- tilages, form sockets for the heads of the ribs. 2. The arches are small. Their posterior notches are relatively large and are often con

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