L'ancien monde, depuis les premiers temps de l'an 800 . ho produit un système-atic géographie du monde romain, et spéculé sur la possibilityof un ou plusieurs continents inexplorés dans l'Atlantique entre l'Europe et l'Asie. Les trois auteurs ont écrit en grec, 627. Au premier siècle, au plus tard à Auguste, nous avons l'follovdng amongother auteurs : les poètes Lucan et Martial (célèbre pour hissatirical wit), les deux Espagnols ; l'historien juif Josephus (écriture) inGreek ; le scientifique Pline l'ancien (de la Gaule cisalpine), qui perishedin l'éruption du Vésuve dans son zèle scientifique d'observer

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The ancient world, from the earliest times to 800 AD . ho produced a system-atic geography of the Roman world, and speculated on the possibilityof one or more continents in the unexplored Atlantic between Europeand Asia. The last three authors wrote in Greek, 627. In the first century, later than Augustus, we have amongother authors the follovdng: the poets Lucan and Martial (famous for hissatirical wit), both Spaniards; the Jewish historian Josephus (writing inGreek) ; the scientist Pliny the Elder (of Cisalpine Gaul), who perishedin the eruption of Vesuvius in his scientific zeal to observe the phenomena;the rhetorician Quintilian (a Spaniard) ; the philosophers Epictetus andSeneca (both Stoics). Seneca was a Roman noble of Spanish birth;Epictetus was a slave from Phrygia. Both taught a lofty philosophy, but the slave was the nobler both in teaching and in life. 514 THE ROMAN EMPIRE, 31 B.C.-192 A.D. [§ 628 628. In the second century contemporary society is charminglyIllustrated in the Letters of Pliny the Younger (from Cisalpine Gaul), . Arch op Titus, and is gracefully satirized in the Dialogues of Lucian (a Syrian Greek), In history we have : — Appian (an Alexandrian Greek), who wrote (in Greek) a history of thedifferent parts of the empire ; Arrian (an Asiatic Greek), who wrote (in Greek) biographies of Alexan-der and his successors, and treatises on geography ; Plutarch (a Boeotian), the author of the famous Lives ( the text-bookof heroism ) and of a great treatise on Morals (in Greek) ; Suetonius, the biographer of the first twelve Caesars ; Tacitus (a Roman noble), author of the Germania (a description of theGermans), and of a great history of the Empire from Tiberius to Nerva.Unhappily only fragments survive, under the names of the Annals andthe Histories. Poetry is represented chiefly by the Satires of Juvenal (an Italian).Science is represented by : — Galen (an Asiatic Greek), who wrote treatises on medicine (in Greek), and who was revered for many cent

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