. L'Est de la mer de Béring Tablette : océanographie et ressources / edited by Donald W. Hood et John A. Calder. L'océanographie de la mer de Béring.. La dynamique des écosystèmes dépendants 613 stress frai et sénescentes de mortalité (Granfeldt 1979a), et eux aussi ont été inclus dans le modèle d'DYNUMES. En raison de l'évolution des facteurs spatiaux affectant la croissance et en prédateur et proie, les distributions spatiales et temporelles considérables différences dans la croissance et le déclin des biomasses se produire (ils sont décrits plus loin). Toutes ces interactions sont non linéaires et peuvent donc être évalués quantitativement qu'avec thre

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. The Eastern Bering Sea Shelf : oceanography and resources / edited by Donald W. Hood and John A. Calder. Oceanography Bering Sea.. Ecosystem dynamics 613 dependent spawning stress and senescent mortalities (Granfeldt 1979a), and these also have been included in the DYNUMES model. Because of spatial changes in factors affecting growth and in predator and prey distributions, considerable spatial and temporal differences in the growth and decline of biomasses occur (these are described later). All of these interactions are non- linear and therefore can be evaluated quantitatively only with three- or four-dimensional ecosystem models such as DYNUMES. Few epibenthic organ- isms are sessile during most of their lives. Most species undertake migrations for various reasons; seasonal migrations are connected most often with seasonal changes in the environment, both in relation to the availability of food and to the search for optimum environmental conditions (e.g., tempera- ture). In addition, pelagic organisms are advected with seasonally changing currents. Life-cycle depen- dent migrations are for spawning, feeding, and predation avoidance. Very little is known of the migrations of fish and especially of the distribution of juveniles in the eastern Bering Sea. Only the seasonal migrations of some flatfishes are approximately known in the North Pacific (Alverson 1960). The static conditions usually implied in past stu- dies of ecosystem productivity and of the effects of fishing will not give quantitative answers when prey is quasi-stationary and predators migrate or vice versa. Some of these migration effects are shown schemati- cally in Fig. 37-2. Consider that there is a given benthos biomass as a fish food resource at the section a-b. Under stationary conditions this benthos bio- mass is grazed by the stationary predator biomass (a-b) at this location. However, if the predator moves with a speed C through this section, the "upmigra- tion" of biomass A can pr

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