L'évolution de la terre et de ses habitants ; une série livrés avant le chapitre de la Yale Sigma Xi au cours de l'année universitaire 1916-1917 . Les 70 milles de la croûte de la terre serait d'competentto tout l'azote de l'atmosphère, l'eau d'theoceans et la grande quantité de dioxyde de carbone et les dépôts carbonés bylimestones représentés. Il a été bien dit que si l'activité volcanique devrait cesser il wouldnot longtemps avant l'existence de la vie serait impossiblebecause de l'absence de carbone. On devrait ajouter ici thatif on a de nouveau comme autant de points de vie qu'il y a à l'heure actuelle, tous les

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The evolution of the earth and its inhabitants; a series delivered before the Yale chapter of the Sigma xi during the academic year 1916-1917 . the outer 70 miles of the earths crust would be competentto supply all the nitrogen of the atmosphere, the water of theoceans and the vast quantity of carbon dioxide represented bylimestones and carbonaceous deposits. It has been well said that if volcanism should cease it wouldnot be long before the existence of life would be impossiblebecause of the absence of carbon. We should add here thatif there were again as much life as there is at present, all thecarbon of the atmosphere would be in the living plants andanimals, and, if such a condition were possible, death wouldcome to them all. Therefore life and its abundance at anytime are conditioned by the amount of this gas present in theatmosphere. Climates of the past. The quantity of carbon dioxide inthe atmosphere is to a certain extent also a climatic regulator, though the greater factor in this matter is water-vapor, whichis also the most variable constituent of the atmosphere. With 1 Holmes, A., The Age of the Earth, 1913, p. 30.. o o CO JZ <U c «*, « o x -d « c bJD O « o •a bJO 54 EVOLUTION OF THE EARTH a greater abundance of both, and especially of aqueous vapor, there results a thickened atmospheric blanket that not onlyholds in more of the earths warmth but takes up greateramounts of the suns radiations, and when there is less of thisgas and of water-vapor the climates are thinner and cooler.The amount of carbon dioxide and water-vapor in the atmos-phere has varied much throughout the geologic ages. Huxley in his interesting book Physiography has well saidthat without the sun There could neither be rain nor rivers.. . Rain is dependent for its distribution upon currents inthe atmosphere, but these currents are due to disturbances ofequilibrium which are brought about by means of solar heat.Without the sun, then, there could be no winds. The currentsof the se

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