L'histoire des plus grandes nations, de l'aube de l'histoire au XXe siècle : une histoire complète, fondée sur les principales autorités, y compris une chronologie complète du monde, Et un vocabulaire prononçant de chaque nation . les Gibellines étaient les aristocrates, les grands seigneurs qui cherchaient à torturer le pays, ils s'occupaient peu de W^hether dans le nom des Empereurs ou leurs propres. Les Guelphes étaient les commoners et les moins nobles, qui, trop faible pour se gouverner eux-mêmes, étaient les plus réticents à être dirigés par d'autres. Les noms, cependant, étaient devenus de simples cris de ralliement de faction. ^len cal

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The story of the greatest nations, from the dawn of history to the twentieth century : a comprehensive history, founded upon the leading authorities, including a complete chronology of the world, and a pronouncing vocabulary of each nation . the Ghibellines were the aristocrats, the great lords who sought torule the country, they cared little w^hether in the Emperors name or their own.The Guelphs were the commoners and the lesser nobles, who, too weak to hopeto rule themselves, were the more unwilling to be ruled by others. The names, however, had become mere rallying-cries of faction. ^len called themselvesGuelph or Ghibelline merely because their fathers had done so. There was aGuelph emperor and a Ghibelline pope. On each side were murders, massa-cres, reprisals. The fiery Italians were forever plunging into reckless, head-long contests. Chains and barricades stretched across the streets of everycity; and at the war-cry men rushed from their houses to fight, they knew notwhom or why. All they cared for was that their factional cry had been raised, their party was in the strife. The long contests had led also to a great change in the methods of war.There were sieges, countermarches, elaborately planned campaigns. War had. Rome—Devastation of Italy 463 become an art, and skilled generals were required to conduct it. These ap-peared among the nobility in every city. Once given the command, it was easyfor them to clinch their power. They became masters where they had beenreceived as servants. This happened in city after city, the people in manycases yielding their liberty indifferently, even gladly, where it saved them fromthe ceaseless turmoil of the days of faction. These unhappy wars had yet another woful issue. Citizens could no longersally forth to battle, and return to their work within the week or the month.Campaigns were perpetual, and skill with weapons was indispensable. A manmust give his whole life to war, or hire some one to fight for him. This ledto the

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