. L'hygiène des organes vocaux : un manuel pratique pour les chanteurs et les orateurs . e estomac. Le diaphragme, quand ina état de repos, arches vers le haut, afin de faire du plancher de la poitrine une sorte de dôme, sur la convexité dont reposent les bases des poumons, tandis que la sous-surface regarde vers l'abdomen. Dans la contraction,les muscles descendent vers la dernière cavité de sorte que tomake le plancher de la poitrine presque plat, ainsi la chambre de leavingroom pour l'augmentation du volume des poumons gonflés.dans l'expiration le diaphragme retourne simplement à sa condition itssformer. Ce mode de respiration est knownas diaphragmatique

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. The hygiene of the vocal organs : a practical handbook for singers and speakers . e stomach. The diaphragm, when ina state of repose, arches upwards, so as to make thefloor of the chest a kind of dome, on the convexity ofwhich rest the bases of the lungs, whilst the undersurface looks towards the abdomen. In contracting, the muscles descend towards the latter cavity so as tomake the floor of the chest almost flat, thus leavingroom for the increase in volume of the inflated lungs.In expiration the diaphragm simply returns to itsformer condition. This mode of breathing is knownas diaphragmatic The action of the diaphragm isassisted by the elevation and partial expansion of theribs (see Fig. 14), which, together with the breast-bone, make a cage-like framework for the chest. Each pair 2l6 HYGIENE OF THE VOCAL ORGANS. of ribs is furnished with two sets of muscular fibreswhich act on them in contrary directions. Diaphrag-matic breathing, as has already been shown (p. 103 etseq.)> may be carried out in two different ways.Breathing carried on mainly by the ribs is called. Fig. 14.—The Vocal Instrument./, larynx ; /, trachea ; £>ry bronchi ; lgy lung ; d} diaphragm. costal respiration, and it is sometimes largely prac-tised by women with the upper ribs alone owing to thepartial fixation of the lower by tight stays. In veryviolent breathing the collar-bone (or clavicle ) is for-cibly drawn up by the muscles of the neck so as to as-sist the action of those which act on the ribs. Thismethod of inspiration is called clavicular. These ANATOMY OF THE VOCAL ORGANS. 217 three modes of inspiration ipclude all the means atour disposal for taking breath, and it is important forall who use the voice to understand them. Clavicularbreathing is seldom employed except in certain dis-eased conditions and during very violent exertion.1To obtain its full power the hands must firmly holdsome fixed object in order that the collar-bone may(through the shoulder-blade) have a fulcrum. Whe

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