La France . Il a été généreux, tolérant, moral, bien instruite, et amighty hunter ; mais l'épithète de Debonnaire, qui heearned à sa cour, indique son manque de constance organi et puissance de wiU. Il n'avait pas l'qualitiesneeded suprême pour réduire à la discipline des unités de l'vastempire où son père avait commencé à souder ensemble. Des affaires étrangères ensembleunité passés de ses mains aux évêques,les nobles, ses fils, et même sa femme. Et la désintégration processof, inévitable en l'absence d'un strongruler, a été précipitée par sa mort (840) ; pour ses trois fils, Lothaire, Louis et Charles-

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France . hewas generous, tolerant, moral, well educated, and amighty hunter ; but the epithet of Debonnaire, which heearned at his Court, indicates his want of steadfast pur-pose and power of wiU. He lacked the supreme qualitiesneeded to reduce to discipline the varying units of the vastempire which his father had begun to weld together. Thecontrol of affairs passed out of his hands to the Bishops, the nobles, his sons, and even his wife. And the processof disintegration, inevitable in the absence of a strongruler, was hastened by his death (840); for his three sons, Lothair, Louis, and Charles-le-Chauve (the Bald), beganto fight amongst themselves over their inheritance, whilst the nobler ranged themselves under their bannets, according as eiach promised them lands and honours.After a preliininary struggle, Louis and Charles boundthemselves by an oath in the plain of Strasburg againsttheir brother Lothair. This alliance led to the conclusionof the Treaty of Verdun in the following year (843). 48. 5 s a -a THE SWEET EEALM OF FRANCE 49 The Oath of Strasburg is of interest, beoause it is theoldest monument of the French language in existence.The Treaty of Verdun marks the end of the unitedempire of Charlemagne, and the beginning of the historyof Italy, France, and Germany as separate kingdoms ;for by this treaty Charles-le-Chauve received the wholeof the country to the west of the Meuse, Seine, andRhone. And France—Francia, the kingdom of theFranks—a term which had followed the conquering racefrom Franconia across the Rhine, and, spreading with thevictories of Clovis to the Loire, had embraced underCharlemagne the whole Frankish realm, with the excep-tion of Italy, now began to be restricted to this westernpart of Charlemagnes empire which was the portion ofCharles-le-Chauve, the sweet reahn of France, boundedby the Scheldt, Ebro, Meuse, and Atlantic. In a specialsense it was still further restricted to the lie de France, the country between the Oise, the Seine, and th

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• bookcentury1900
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