. Le journal de chemin de fer de rue . l le long du rail.Ceci va fissurer le refroidissement le long des limites de contact de rail, butv.ill ne pas le léurler, comme dans le cas de la tache de glissement-plat. Poundingvin le rail provoque la chute du métal fissuré. Cet effet is1he résultat de l'action cmnbined ol la chaussure et le rail et les voies d'al se produit dans les linuts de contact de la roue avec therail. Ces effets maléfiques arc direct!)- en raison de la mâchoire de frein, comme 144 STREET RAILWAY JOURNAL. [Vol XXL no 4. Rien de ce genre ne se produirait à la surface d'une roue en fonte, qui est simplement enroulée le long du rail sous le Lilen

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. The Street railway journal . l along the rail.This will crack the chill along the limits of rail contact, butv.ill not liurn it, as in the case of the slid-flat spot. Poundingvin the rail causes the cracked metal to fall off. This effect is1he result of the cmnbined action ol the shoe and rail and al-ways occurs within the linuts of contact of the wheel with therail. These evil effects arc direct!)- due to the brake-shoe, as 144 STREET RAILWAY JOURNAL. [Vol. XXL No. 4. nothing- of the kind would occur on the surface of a cast-ironwheel, which is simply rolled along on the rail under the heav-iest loads. These effects are unavoidable so long as the wheel iscontrolled by the tread-bearing brake-shoe. Slid-flat and shelled-out treads were of common occurrence in cast-iron wheelsunder the lighter and slower service of the past, and must ofnecessity increase under the more severe service of to-day.Something can be done, doubtless, in the way of more carefulhandling of brakes, but the demands of modern service call for. FIG. 4.—CHILLED SHOE FOR BROOKLYN RAPID TRANSIT CO. heavier and stronger wheels, and the wheel makers are wellaware of this fact. Wonderful progress has been made in the improvement ofthe cast-iron wheel to meet the changed condition, makers be-ing all the time seriously handicapped by the limitations oftrack conditions and car design. Putting two brake-shoes ona wheel has been suggested as one means of reducing the evileffect of shoe action on the cast-iron wheel, but beyond thefact that a little more heat would be taken care of by the ad-ditional shoe there can be no advantage in so doing. Also, which the freight trains are run. If cast-iron wheels are burnedwhen the brakes are applied on the basis of the light weight olthe car, what will be the result if the braking load is increasedto the loaded car basis? As time is the factor in stopping atrain, which affects the wheel and shoe (and the shorter thistime the greater the trouble), it may be argued

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