. Le livre de pépinière; un guide complet de la multiplication des plantes . ARBRES ANCIENS GREFFÉS. 125 ne devrait pas être greffé, car c'est l'habitude de greffons à la grognement plutôt qu'à l'horizontale dans la direction de la branche; et il est bien de diviser tous les tronçons sur de tels brancheshorizontalement, qu'un cion peut ne pas se tenir directement sous l'autre. L'habitude de la croissance de la cion est bien swnin Fig. 129. Cela illustre la forme et la direction de la branche originale, ainsi que la direction que les anyarlinggreffons ont prise. Il est donc évident qu'un arbre à tête grise est plus étroit et plus dense en haut que

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. The nursery-book; a complete guide to the multiplication of plants . TOP-GRAFTING OLD TREES. 125 should not be grafted, for it is the habit of grafts to growupright rather than horizontal in the direction of thebranch; and it is well to split all stubs on such brancheshorizontally, that one cion may not stand directly underanother. The habit of growth of the cion is well shownin Fig. 129. This illustrates the form and direction of theoriginal branch, and also the direction which the yearlinggrafts have taken. It is evident, therefore, that a top-graftedtree is narrower and denser in top than the tree originally was, and that careful pruningis required to keep it suffi-ciently open. Each graft isvirtually a new tree-top placedinto the tree, and for this rea-. 129. Showing the upright direction of a graft in a horizontal limb. son, if for no other, the common practice of grafting oldtrees close down in the large limbs is seen to be perniciousTop-grafting is performed in spring. The best time iswhen the leaves are pushing out, as wounds made then healquickly, and cions are most apt to live. But when a largeamount of grafting must be done, it is necessary to begin amonth, or even two, before the leaves start. On the otherhand, the operation can be extended until a month or moreafter the leaves are full-grown, but such late cions make ashort growth, which is likely to perish the following winter.Professional grafters usually divide their men into three 126 GRAFTAGE. gangs, —one to do the cutting of the stubs, one to set thecions, and one to apply the wax. The cions are all whit-tled before the grafter enters the tree. They are then usu-ally moistened by dipping into a pail of water, and arecarried in a high side-pocket in the jacket. The hand

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