. Le royaume des légumes : ou, la structure, la classification et les utilisations des plantes, illustré sur le système naturel. En. 6. (1789).—Lichenes, Hoffm. Enumerat. Lichenum, (1784); Achaa-rius Prodr. Lichen (1798) ; ID. Methodus, (1803) ; ID. Lichenogr. Vnivers. (1810) ; DC. FL. FR.2. 321. A815) ; frites en ACT. Holm. (1821) ; Agardh Aph. 89. (1821); Eschioeiler Syst. Lich.(1824) ; Wallroth Naturgesch. Der Flechten. (1824) ; Grev. Flora Edin. xix. (1824); Meyer Uberdie Entivickelung, ^c. der Flecht. (1825) ; FIE Meth. Lich. (1825); Fries Syst. ORB. Veg.22i.(182.5); Martins in Bot. Zeitun<], 193. (18

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. The vegetable kingdom : or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system. en. 6. (1789).—Lichenes, Hoffm. Enumerat. Lichenum, (1784); Acha-rius Prodr. Lichen (1798); Id. Methodus, (1803) ; Id. Lichenogr. Vnivers. (1810) ; DC. Fl. Fr.2. 321. a815) ; Fries in Act. Holm. (1821); Agardh Aph. 89. (1821); Eschioeiler Syst. Lich.(1824) ; Wallroth Naturgesch. der Flechten. (1824) ; Grev. Flora Edin. xix. (1824); Meyer Uberdie Entivickelung, ^c. der Flecht. (1825); Fie Meth. Lich. (1825); Fries Syst. Orb. Veg.22i.(182.5); Martins in Bot. Zeitun<], 193. (1826); Fie in Diet. Class. 9. 360. (1826); Fries Lichenoqr.Europcea. (1831); Eschw. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 1. 51. (1833); Hooker Brit. Fl. vol. ii. pt. 1. 129.(1833; Endlich. Gen. p. 11; Link Ausgew. Anatom. Botan. abbiUl. fasc. 3. — Graphidea, Chevalier Hist, des Graphiddes. (1824, &c.) Diagnosis.—Cellular flowerless plants, nourished through their xvhole surface hy themedium in which they vegetate; living in air; propagated by spores usuallyinclosed in asci, and ahvays having green gonidia in their thalhts.. Perennial plants, often spreading over the surface of the earth, or rocks, or trees, indry places, in the form of a lobed and foliaceous, or hard and crustaceous, or leproussubstance, called a thallus. This thallus is formed of a cortical and medullary layer, of which the former is simply cellular, the latter both cellular and filamentous ; in the crustaceous species the cortical andmedullary layer differ chiefly in tex-ture, and in the former being co-loured, the latter colourless ; but in thefruticulose or foliaceous species, themedulla is distinctly floccose, inthe latter occupj-ing the lower half ofthe thallus, in the former enclosed allround by the cortical layer. Repro-ductive matter of two kinds ; 1, spoiesnaked, or lying in membranous amy-laceous tubes (thecse) immersed innuclei of the medullary substance, which burst through the corticallayer, and colour and harden

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