. Lignes de la physiologie comparée et de la morphologie des animaux. Anatomie, physiologie, comparatif, comparatif. 368 PHYSIOLOGIE ET MORPHOLOGIE DE L'ANIMAL. la gorge presque directement dans deux grands sacs aériens ; seulement chaque sac est sacculated sur l'intérieur, afin d'augmenter sa surface (fig. 249). L'aération du sang, donc, est encore plus imparfait que chez les reptiles. (2) Amphibiens non seulement n'ont pas de diaphragme, mais ils n'ont pas de côtes. La mécanique de leur respiration est totalement différent de tous précédemment mentionné. Il n'est pas encore ni diaphragmatique costal. C'est une respiration de la gorge

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. Outlines of the comparative physiology and morphology of animals. Anatomy, Comparative; Physiology, Comparative. 368 PHYSIOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY OF ANIMALS. the throat almost directly into two large sacs; only each sac is sacculated on the interior, so as to increase its surface (Fig. 249). The aeration of the blood, there- fore, is still more imperfect than in reptiles. (2) Again amphibians not only have no diaphragm, but they have no ribs. The mechanics of their breathing is entirely different from all previously men- tioned. It is not diaphragmatic nor yet costal. It is a throat respiration. The submaxillary space, or space be- tween the branches of the lower jaw, is large. This space is pressed down by the hyoid or tongue bone, and thus draws air through the nostrils and fills the throat. The nostrils are then closed, the throat is brought up, and the air is forced down into the lung sacs. This, of course, swells the walls of the abdomen, which, re- acting by contraction, drive out the air again through the nostrils. This is the lowest form of lung respiration and grades into gill respiration. In fact, all amphibians in their early larval life breathe by gills, and only after- ward by lungs. This, therefore, leads us naturally to gill respiration.. Fig. 249.—One lung of a frog: &r, bronchus. 2. GILL RESPIRATION. The most perfect form of gills, or branchial, is found in the ordinary typical fishes (teleosts). We take this as a type. Take any typical fish, such as a perch or a salmon (Fig. 250). We observe on each side of the head an opening extending downward and forward to beneath the chin. It is covered with a' movable flap, the oper-. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. LeConte, Joseph, 1823-1901. New York, D. Appleton and Company

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