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Robert Boyle (January 25, 1627 - December 31, 1691) was an Irish natural philosopher, chemist, physicist and inventor. He is regarded today as the first modern chemist, and one of the pioneers of modern experimental scientific method. With all the important work he accomplished in physics - the enunciation of Boyle's law, the discovery of the part taken by air in the propagation of sound, and investigations on the expansive force of freezing water, on specific gravities and refractive powers, on crystals, on electricity, on color, on hydrostatics - chemistry was his peculiar and favorite study. Among his works, The Sceptical Chymist, published in 1661, is seen as a cornerstone book in the field of chemistry. For him chemistry was the science of the composition of substances, not merely an adjunct to the arts of the alchemist or the physician. He was a devout and pious Anglican and is noted for his writings in theology, In his will Boyle provided money for a series of lectures to defend the Christian religion against those he considered "notorious infidels, namely atheists, deists, pagans, Jews and Muslims". He died in 1691 at the age of 64.