S & arrière côté du C1stBC temple de style hellénistique dans le centre de l'enceinte sacrée (temenos) de la ville oasis de Hatra (al-HADR), le nord de l'Iraq.
Rear & S side of C1stBC Hellenistic-style temple (Maran Temple) in the central sacred enclosure (temenos) of the oasis city of Hatra (al-Hadr), some 110km (68 miles) SW of Mosul in northern Iraq: built of limestone & set on a podium surrounded by a double colonnnade. Hatra was one of the earliest settlements established by Arabic-speaking nomad tribes. Situated in the desert, on the W bank of Wadi Tharthar between the Rivers Tigris & Euphrates in a province of the Parthian Empire called Arabaya (Land of the Arabs). Hatra became a cosmopolitan caravan city, the hub of 12 ancient trade routes. In the 'forward zone' of Roman frontier policy, it was strongly fortified against invading Roman armies. Attacks by emperors Trajan in 117AD, & twice by Septimius Severus in 198-201 failed because of heat, hunger & thirst, flies & hornets, & the effective use of machine catapults & sorties by the defenders. The city was captured & sacked c. 241AD by Shapur I & his father Ardashir, founder of the Sassanian dynasty. A hybrid between the Mediterranean world & Asia with a mix of C1st BC Hellenic & C1st2ndAD Iranian (Parthian) architecture within the layout of an Asiatic town. Circular in plan with an inner (main) & outer wall nearly 4 miles (6.4km) in circumference with over 160 towers. At the centre lay a rectangular enclosure (temenos) containing the sacred buildings & palaces. The area in between was packed with houses divided by narrow lanes. This photograph was taken in March 1983, in 1985 Hatra was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. IS/Daesh occupied Hatra from 2014 to 26 April 2017, using the buildings as a military training camp, defacing the statues & friezes & using them for target practice. Walls damaged by bullets & shrapnel, the two main halls of the Iranian temple-palace scorched by fire.
