. Un cours élémentaire de zoologie pratique. Zoologie. La colonne vertébrale en position naturelle, un foramen intervertébral est formé pour le passage d'un nerf spinal.. Toit de l'^ arcli est poursuivi dans une longue épine neurale (". sp) projection vers le haut et baclcwards, et juste au-dessus des encoches intervertébraux sont une paire de processus articulaire antérieur et postérieur ou zygapophyses (pr., pt. z), qui synovially vertebrse articuler avec la prochaine devant et derrière, respectivement. La surface articulaire de chaque zygapophysis regarde vers le haut et hors- quartiers, celui de l'après-zygapophysis vers le bas un

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. An elementary course of practical zoology. Zoology. VERTEBRAL COLUMN natural position, an intervertebral foramen is formed for the passage of a. spinal nerve. Tlie roof of the arcli is continued into a long neural spine («. sp) projecting upwards and baclcwards, and just above the intervertebral notches are a pair of anterior and posterior articular processes or zygapophyses (pr. s, pt. z), which articulate synovially with the vertebrse next in front and behind respectively. The articular surface of each pre-zygapophysis looks upwards and out- wards, that of the post-zygapophysis downwards and inwards. Arising laterally from each side of the arch is an outstanding trans- verse process {t. pr), on the under surface of which is an articular tubercular facet, [t. f) with which the upper fork of the rib (p. 483) arti- culates. The lower fork or head of the rib articulates with a facet (c. f) formed partly by the anterior edge of the corresponding centrum just at the base of the neural arch, and partly by the pos- terior edge of the centrum next in front, so that each centrum bears half a capitu- lar facet, as it is called, on either side, both anteriorly and posteriorly (f./', c. f" ). There are no free ribs in the vertebrae of other regions, in which, however, they are represented in the embryo, but early fuse with the corresponding transverse processes. The first cervical vertebra, or atlas, is ring-shaped, and its lower portion is narrow and unlike the other centra. The neural spine is small, and the transverse processes are broad horizontal plates, each perforated at its base by a vertebrarterial canal, through which the vertebral artery runs. On the anterior face of the lateral parts of the atlas are two concave articular facets for articulation with the occipital condyles of the skull, and on its posterior face are two smaller acets for articulation with the second vertebra. The second cervical vertebra, or Pract. Zool. I I. d.a C Fig. 124.—Fifth thoraci

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