. Végétation de l'Oregon et de Washington. Botanique botanique de l'écologie, de l'Oregon Washington (État) de l'écologie. Figure 63. - Pure, les vieux peuplements de Tsuga mer- tensiana sont courants dans toute la zone Tsuga mertensiana ; notez la tendance de l'agglutination d'arbres dans ce stand près de Timberline (Gifford Pinchot National Forest, Maryland). La zone (fig. 63), et d'Abies lasiocarpa ou Pinus contorta, ou les deux, en s'en serai plus sec des parties de la zone. Abies amabilis est visible dans la zone de Washington et du nord de l'Oregon, mais il tombe complètement dans le sud de l'Oregon des Cascades. Il y a une grand

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. Vegetation of Oregon and Washington. Botany Oregon Ecology; Botany Washington (State) Ecology. Figure 63. — Pure, old-growth stands of Tsuga mer- tensiana are common throughout the Tsuga mertensiana Zone; note the clumping tendency of the trees in this stand near timberline (Gifford Pinchot National Forest, Washington). the zone (fig. 63), and Abies lasiocarpa or Pinus contorta, or both, in serai stands in drier portions of the zone. Abies amabilis is conspicuous in the zone in Washington and northern Oregon, but it drops out completely in the southern Oregon High Cascades. There are a wide variety of understory species of which many are Ericaceae, Rosaceae, and Compositae. The spectrum of communities found with- in the Tsuga mertensiana Zone varies locally with gradients in temperature, moisture, and accumulation and duration of snow, as well as geographically. In southern Washington the Tsuga mertensiana-Abies amabilis/Vaccinium membranaceum community is typical of modal sites. It has a depauperate understory composed of Vaccinium membranaceum, Xerophyllum tenax, Pyrola secunda, Rubus lasiococcus, and perhaps a few additional spe- cies. A variant of this community, in which the understory is completely dominated by a dense cover of Xerophyllum tenax, is com- mon in the southern Washington and northern Oregon Cascade Range (fig. 64). On wetter, cooler habitats, e.g., north slopes and along drainages, communities have dense shrub understories 1 to 1-1/2 meters in height. The most extreme example in south- ern Washington is a Chamaecyparis nootka- tensis/Rhododendron albiflorum/Gley Podzol association (Franklin 1966). A tangle of Vac- cinium ovalifolium, V. membranaceum, Rho- dodendron albiflorum, Menziesia ferruginea, and Sorbus spp. is characteristic of this shrub layer. Typical herbs include Rubus pedatus, R. lasiococcus, Valeriana sitchensis, Viola sempervirens, Listera caurina, and Erythroni- um montanum. In southern Oregon, the extensive Tsuga mertensiana c

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